PDF 格式是与平台无关,它独立于底层操作系统和渲染引擎。事实上,PDF 是基于一种脚本语言——PostScript,它是第一个独立于设备的页面描述语言。
在本指南中,我们将使用 borb —— 一个专门用于阅读、操作和生成 PDF 文档的 Python 库。它提供了一个低级模型(允许您访问精确的坐标和布局)和一个高级模型(您可以将边距、位置等精确计算委托给布局管理器) .
matplotlib
是一个数据可视化库,也是许多其他流行库(如 Seaborn)背后的引擎。
基于用于创建报告(通常包括图形)的常见 PDF 文档,我们将看看如何使用 borb
将 Matplotlib
图表集成到 PDF 文档中。
borb 可以从 GitHub 上的源代码下载,或通过 pip 安装:
1 | $ pip install borb |
matplotlib 也可以通过 pip 安装:
1 | $ pip install matplotlib |
用 Borb 在 PDF 文档中集成 Matplotlib
图表
在创建饼图等图表之前,我们将编写一个小的效用函数,该函数生成 N 种颜色,均匀分布在颜色光谱中。
每当我们需要创建绘图并为每个部分着色时,这将对我们有所帮助:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | from borb.pdf.canvas.color.color import HSVColor, HexColor from decimal import Decimal import typing ? def create_n_colors(n: int ) - > typing. List [ str ]: ? # The base color is borb-blue ? base_hsv_color: HSVColor = HSVColor.from_rgb(HexColor( "56cbf9" )) ? # This array comprehension creates n HSVColor objects, transforms then to RGB, and then returns their hex string ? return [HSVColor(base_hsv_color.hue + Decimal(x / 360 ), Decimal( 1 ), Decimal( 1 )).to_rgb().to_hex_string() for x in range ( 0 , 360 , int ( 360 / n))] |
HSL 和 HSV/HSB 是由计算机图形学研究人员在 1970 年代设计的,目的是更接近人类视觉感知色彩属性的方式。在这些模型中,每种色调的颜色都排列在一个径向切片中,围绕中性色的中心轴,范围从底部的黑色到顶部的白色:
用它表示颜色的优点是我们可以轻松地将颜色光谱分成相等的部分。
现在我们可以定义一个 create_pie_chart() 函数(或其他类型图的函数):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | # New import(s) import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from borb.pdf.canvas.layout.image.chart import Chart from borb.pdf.canvas.layout.layout_element import Alignment ? def create_piechart(labels: typing. List [ str ], data: typing. List [ float ]): ? ? # Symetric figure to ensure equal aspect ratio ? fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize = ( 4 , 4 )) ? ax1.pie( ? ? data, ? ? explode = [ 0 for _ in range ( 0 , len (labels))], ? ? labels = labels, ? ? autopct = "%1.1f%%" , ? ? shadow = True , ? ? startangle = 90 , ? ? colors = create_n_colors( len (labels)), ? ) ? ? ax1.axis( "equal" ) ? # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle. ? ? return Chart( ? ? plt.gcf(), ? ? width = Decimal( 200 ), ? ? height = Decimal( 200 ), ? ? horizontal_alignment = Alignment.CENTERED, ? ) |
在这里,我们使用 Matplotlib
通过 pie()
函数创建饼图。
PyPlot 实例的 gcf()
函数返回当前图形。该图可以嵌入到 PDF 文档中,方法是将其注入到 Chart
构造函数中,并与您的自定义参数(例如width, height 和 horizontal_alignment)一起插入。
我们只需向Chart构造函数提供一个 Matplotlib
图。
现在是时候创建我们的 PDF 文档并向其中添加内容了。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | # New import(s) from borb.pdf.document import Document from borb.pdf.page.page import Page from borb.pdf.pdf import PDF from borb.pdf.canvas.layout.page_layout.multi_column_layout import MultiColumnLayout from borb.pdf.canvas.layout.page_layout.page_layout import PageLayout from borb.pdf.canvas.layout.text.paragraph import Paragraph ? # Create empty Document pdf = Document() ? # Create empty Page page = Page() ? # Add Page to Document pdf.append_page(page) ? # Create PageLayout layout: PageLayout = MultiColumnLayout(page) ? # Write title layout.add(Paragraph( "About Lorem Ipsum" ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?font_size = Decimal( 20 ),? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?font = "Helvetica-Bold" )) |
我们将在此 PDF 中使用连字符,以确保文本的布局更加流畅。borb 中的连字符非常简单:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | # New import(s) from borb.pdf.canvas.layout.hyphenation.hyphenation import Hyphenation ? # Create hyphenation algorithm hyphenation_algorithm: Hyphenation = Hyphenation( "en-gb" ) ? # Write paragraph layout.add(Paragraph( ? ? """ ? ? Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.? ? ? Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s,? ? ? when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.? ? ? It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged.? ? ? It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages,? ? ? and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum. ? ? """ , text_alignment = Alignment.JUSTIFIED, hyphenation = hyphenation_algorithm)) |
现在我们可以使用我们之前声明的函数添加饼图;
1 2 3 | # Write graph layout.add(create_piechart([ "Loren" , "Ipsum" , "Dolor" ],? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?[ 0.6 , 0.3 , 0.1 ])) |
接下来我们将编写另外三个 Paragraph
对象。其中一个将不仅仅表示引用(侧面边框,不同字体等)。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 | # Write paragraph layout.add(Paragraph( ? ? """ ? ? Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text.? ? ? It has roots in a piece of classical Latin literature from 45 BC, making it over 2000 years old.? ? ? Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked up one of the more obscure Latin words,? ? ? consectetur, from a Lorem Ipsum passage, and going through the cites of the word in classical literature,? ? ? discovered the undoubtable source. ? ? """ , text_alignment = Alignment.JUSTIFIED, hyphenation = hyphenation_algorithm)) ? # Write paragraph layout.add(Paragraph( ? ? """ ? ? Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.? ? ? """ ,? ? ? font = "Courier-Bold" , ? ? text_alignment = Alignment.JUSTIFIED,? ? ? hyphenation = hyphenation_algorithm, ? ? border_color = HexColor( "56cbf9" ), ? ? border_width = Decimal( 3 ), ? ? border_left = True , ? ? padding_left = Decimal( 5 ), ? ? padding_bottom = Decimal( 5 ), )) ? # Write paragraph layout.add(Paragraph( ? ? """ ? ? Lorem Ipsum comes from sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum"? ? ? (The Extremes of Good and Evil) by Cicero, written in 45 BC.? ? ? This book is a treatise on the theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. ? ? """ , text_alignment = Alignment.JUSTIFIED, hyphenation = hyphenation_algorithm)) |
让我们添加另一个绘图。
1 2 3 | # Write graph layout.add(create_piechart([ "Loren" , "Ipsum" , "Dolor" , "Sit" , "Amet" ],? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?[ 600 , 30 , 89 , 100 , 203 ])) |
还有一段内容(Paragraph):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | # Write paragraph layout.add(Paragraph( ? ? """ ? ? It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout.? ? ? The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here',? ? ? making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text,? ? ? and a search for 'lorem ipsum' will uncover many web sites still in their infancy.? ? ? Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like). ? ? """ , text_alignment = Alignment.JUSTIFIED, hyphenation = hyphenation_algorithm)) |
最后,我们可以存储文档(Document):
1 2 3 | # Write to disk with open ( "output.pdf" , "wb" ) as pdf_file_handle: ? PDF.dumps(pdf_file_handle, pdf) |
运行此代码会生成如下所示的 PDF 文档:
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